China’s population fell for a fourth consecutive year in 2025 as the birthrate plunged to a record low, official data showed yesterday, with experts warning of further decline.
The country’s population dropped by 3.39 million to 1.405 billion, a faster decline than 2024, while the total number of births dropped to 7.92m in 2025, down 17 per cent from 9.54m in 2024.
The number of deaths rose to 11.31m from 10.93m in 2024, figures from China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) showed. China’s birth rate dropped to 5.63 per 1,000 people.
Births in 2025 were “roughly the same level as in 1738, when China’s population was only about 150m,” said Yi Fuxian, a demographer at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
China’s death rate of 8.04 per 1,000 people in 2025 was the highest since 1968. China’s population has been shrinking since 2022 and is ageing rapidly, complicating Beijing’s plan to boost domestic consumption and rein in debt.
The number of people aged over 60 years old reached around 23pc of total population, the NBS data showed.
By 2035 the number of over-60s is set to hit 400m – roughly equal to the populations of the United States and Italy combined – meaning hundreds of millions of people are set to leave the workforce at a time when pension budgets are already stretched.
China has already increased retirement ages, with men now expected to work until they are 63 rather than 60, and women until they are 58 rather than 55.
Marriages in China plunged by a fifth in 2024, the biggest drop on record, with more than 6.1m couples registering for marriage, down from 7.68m in 2023.
Marriages are typically a leading indicator for birth rates in China.
Demographers say a decision in May 2025 to allow couples to marry anywhere in the country rather than only their place of residence is likely to lead to a temporary boost to births.
Marriages rose 22.5pc from a year earlier to 1.61m in the third quarter of 2025, putting China on course to halt an almost decade-long annual decline in marriages.
Full data for 2025 will be released later this year. Authorities are also trying to promote “positive views on marriage and childbearing” as they try to undo the influence of the one-child policy that was in force from 1980 to 2015 helping to tackle poverty, but reshaping Chinese families and society.
Population movement has exacerbated the demographic challenge with large numbers of people moving from rural farms to the city, where having children is more expensive.
China’s urbanisation rate stood at 68pc in 2025, the data showed, from about 43pc in 2005.
Policymakers have made population planning a key part of the country’s economic strategy and this year Beijing faces a total potential cost of around 180bn yuan ($25.8bn) to boost births, according to Reuters estimates.
Key costs are the national child subsidy, which was introduced for the first time last year, as well as a pledge that women throughout pregnancy have “no out-of-pocket expenses” in 2026, with all medical costs, including in vitro fertilisation (IVF), fully reimbursable under its national medical insurance fund.
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